The body worksheet

There are two humors, the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor, both of which help to maintain the shape of the eyeball.
The aqueous humor is a transparent liquid that fills the region between the cornea at the front of the eye and the lens.
The vitreous humor is a transparent, jelly-like substance that occupies the region between the lens and the retina at the back of the eye.


The vitreous humor is present from birth and remains virtually unchanged throughout an individuals life.

Vitreous humor disorders

Specks may occur in the vitreous humor caused by the degeneration of its cells with age. This is a normal occurrence.
The presence of specks does not noticeably impair vision.
Occasionally, a hemorrhage into the vitreous humor may occur, usually caused by an injury.
A hemorrhage may also occur in diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, or retinitis. A hemorrhage may be serious and a physician should be consulted.

Hestia was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was the goddess of Fire in its first application to the wants of mankind, hence she was essentially the presiding deity of the domestic hearth and the guardian spirit of man, and it was her pure and benign influence which was supposed to protect the sanctity of domestic life.

Now in these early ages the hearth was regarded as the most important and most sacred portion of the dwelling, probably because the protection of the fire was an important consideration, for if once permitted to become extinct, re-ignition was attended with extreme difficulty. In fact, the hearth was held so sacred that it constituted the sanctum of the family, for which reason it was always erected in the centre of every house. It was a few feet in height and was built of stone; the fire was placed on the top of it, and served the double purpose of preparing the daily meals, and consuming the family sacrifices. Round this domestic hearth or altar were gathered the various members of the family, the head of the house occupying the place of honour nearest the hearth.
Here prayers were said and sacrifices offered, and here also every kind and loving feeling was fostered, which even extended to the hunted and guilty stranger, who, if he once succeeded in touching this sacred altar, was safe from pursuit and punishment, and was henceforth placed under the protection of the family. Any crime committed within the sacred precincts of the domestic hearth was invariably visited by death.
In Grecian cities there was a common hall, called the Prytaneum, in which the members of the government had their meals at the expense of the state, and here too was the Hestia, or public hearth, with its fire, by means of which those meals were prepared. It was customary for emigrants to take with them a portion of this sacred fire, which they jealously guarded and brought with them to their new home, where it served as a connecting link between the young Greek colony and the mother country.
Hestia is generally represented standing, and in accordance with the dignity and sanctity of her character, always appears fully draped.
Her countenance is distinguished by a serene gravity of expression.

Text:
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome
Author: E.M. Berens
Published: 1880

Have you ever dreamed about traveling in space and going to the moon?

Many people dreamed of space travel, even before the Space Age began.
But it was not until April 1961 that a human being managed to travel in space. A Soviet pilot, Yuri Gagarin, was launched into a single orbit of the earth in a spacecraft called Vostok 1.

Gagarin was the first cosmonaut.

Cosmonaut is the Russian name for astronaut.

The first American in space was Alan Shepard. 

Shepard went 117 miles (188 kilometers) into space and came down again 15 minutes later. He did not go into orbit. Shepards spacecraft was a small capsule called Freedom 7.

There is a great difference between a manned spacecraft and a satellite. A manned spacecraft must be able to carry human beings safely into space, keep them alive while they are there, and carry them safely back to earth.
To keep the crew alive, a manned spacecraft has a life-support system. This provides the astronauts with air, food, and water. It allows for breathing, eating, drinking, elimination of body wastes, sleeping, exercise, and recreation—all in a temperature-controlled environment.

How do space shuttles come back to earth?

One of the most dangerous times for a crew of astronauts comes when their spacecraft returns to earth. It drops down from orbit, traveling at a speed of about 16,120 miles (26,000 kilometers) an hour.
And it enters the earths atmosphere at this speed.
This return to the earths atmosphere is called reentry.
The air rubs against the outside of the spacecraft as it re-enters the atmosphere, making it slow down and heat up.
The spacecraft is covered with a thick heat shield. If there were no shield, the spacecraft would burn up, just like a shooting star.

How are spacecrafts launched into space?

Early spacecraft, such as Vostok and Apollo, were launched into space by huge rockets. Only the tiny capsule containing the crew came back, and that could never be used again.
This was a very wasteful method of space travel.
In 1981, a new kind of spacecraft took to the skies. This space vehicle took off like a rocket and landed like an airplane. It first took off into space in April. By November, it was being used again—the first reusable, manned spacecraft. This craft was the American space shuttle.

Space shuttle launching system

The space shuttle launching system has three main parts.
The crew flies in the orbiter. This looks rather like an ordinary plane with triangular wings. It flies into space mounted on a huge external tank which holds fuel for its engines.
Just before a launch, two solid rocket boosters are fixed to the tank. They help to lift the shuttle high into the air, and then they fall away.
The fuel tank falls away soon after.
The orbiter is the only part which goes into orbit.
Once in orbit, the shuttle may open up to release or retrieve a satellite, or the crew conducts experiments.
The space shuttle then returns to earth. It lands on a runway at a speed of about 200 miles (320 kilometers) per hour.

Space shuttle orbiter

The orbiter has two main parts, a crew cabin in the nose and a huge bay behind for carrying payload, or cargo.
The shuttle has carried satellites and space probes into space. The cargo bay has large doors which can open when the shuttle reaches orbit.
The underside of the orbiter has a thick heat shield made up of more than 25,000 special tiles.
This shield protects the orbiter when it re-enters the earths atmosphere.
The crew cabin is supplied with air in the same way that an airliner is.
The cabin has two main decks. The upper one is the flight deck, where the crew fly the craft. The front cockpit looks similar to that of an airliner, with more than 2,000 switches, buttons, and dials.
The crews living quarters are on the middeck underneath.

An apparatus for distilling water can be very easily made from galvanized pipe fittings.
The outer cooling jacket A is a piece of 1-in. pipe, 2 ft. long, threaded on both ends, and bored and tapped for 1/2-in. pipe at B and C. A hole is bored and tapped for 1/2-in. pipe in each of the two caps used on the ends of the pipe A, and a piece of 1/2-in. pipe, D, 2 ft. 8 in. long, is run through the holes as shown.

Homemade Still for Removing the Impurities in Water That is Used in Mixing Chemicals

The joints are soldered to make them water-tight. Two 1/2-in. nipples, 4 in. long, are screwed in at B and C. The retort, or boiler, E, in which the impure water is boiled may be made of any suitable vessel and heated with a Bunsen or gas burner. A beaker, or other vessel, F, is placed below the lower end of the small pipe. The cold water from the faucet, which flows into the outer jacket at C and out at B, condenses the steam in the small pipe D, turning it into water which falls into the beaker in large drops. The water is often distilled a second time to remove any impurities which it might still contain.

—Contributed by O. E. Tronnes, Evanston, Ill.

THE BOY MECHANIC - BOOK 2
1000 THINGS FOR BOYS TO DO
HOW TO CONSTRUCT DEVICES FOR WINTER SPORTS, MOTION-PICTURE CAMERA, INDOOR GAMES, REED FURNITURE, ELECTRICAL NOVELTIES, BOATS, FISHING RODS, CAMPS AND CAMP APPLIANCES, KITES AND GLIDERS, PUSHMOBILES, ROLLER COASTER, FERRIS WHEEL
AND
HUNDREDS OF OTHER THINGS WHICH DELIGHT EVERY BOY WITH 995 ILLUSTRATIONS
PUBLISHED 1915, BY H. H. WINDSOR CHICAGO
POPULAR MECHANICS CO. PUBLISHERS

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, an appendage to the cecum, the first part of the large intestine. The inflammation results from a bacterial infection that causes the appendix to swell and fill with pus.
Appendicitis is a common condition (1 to 2 cases per 1000 people annually). The condition can occur
at any age. However, males between ages 10 and 30 are affected most commonly.

Appendicitis symptoms

An early symptom of appendicitis is intermittent pain in the navel region. This becomes more severe and, within hours, localizes to the lower, right-hand corner of the abdomen. The abdominal muscles tighten, and the person loses his or her appetite and becomes nauseated. A slight fever is usual, as is constipation. (The inflammation, however, may on occasion trigger diarrhea.) The lower abdomen is tender.
Touching increases the pain.

What should be done if appendicitis is suspected?

• Do not give a laxative.
• A physician should be consulted immediately.
• Failure to seek prompt medical attention could result in a burst appendix, causing peritonitis (a critical infection of the abdominal lining).
• With acute appendicitis, the patient usually is immediately taken to the hospital for an appendectomy, that is, an operation to remove the vermiform appendix.
• In mild cases of appendicitis, the inflammation may subside by itself.

STYLES OF CHAIRS - THE 40 STYLES OF CHAIRS (embracing the period from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)

Excerpt from the book:
Mission Furniture - HOW TO MAKE IT - PART I
POPULAR MECHANICS HANDBOOKS CHICAGO,
Printed 1909

There are 40 distinct styles of chairs embracing the period from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.—nearly 7,000 years. Of all the millions of chairs made during the centuries, each one can be classified under one or more of the 40 general styles shown in the chart. This chart was compiled by the editor of Decorative Furniture. The Colonial does not appear on the chart because it classifies under the Jacobean and other styles. A condensed key to the chart follows:

Egyptian chair.—3000 B.C. to 500 B.C.  

Seems to have been derived largely from the Early Asian. It influenced Assyrian and Greek decorations, and was used as a motif in some French Empire decoration. Not used in its entirety except for lodge rooms, etc.

Greek chair—700 B.C. to 200 B.C. 

Influenced by Egyptian and Assyrian styles. It had a progressive growth through the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian periods. It influenced the Roman style and the Pompeian, and all the Renaissance styles, and all styles following the Renaissance, and is still the most important factor in decorations today.

Roman chair—750 B.C. to 450 A.D. 

Rome took her art entirely from Greece, and the Roman is purely a Greek development. The Roman style "revived" in the Renaissance, and in this way is still a prominent factor in modern decoration.

Pompeian chair .—100 B.C. to 79 A.D. 

Sometimes called the Grecian-Roman style, which well describes its components. The style we know as Greek was the Greek as used in public structures. The Pompeian is our best idea of Greek domestic decoration. Pompeii was long buried, but when rediscovered it promptly influenced all European styles, including Louis XVI, and the various Georgian styles.

Byzantine chair.—300 A.D. to 1450 A.D. 

The "Eastern Roman" style, originating in the removal of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople (then called Byzantium). It is a combination of Persian and Roman. It influenced the various Moorish, Sacracenic and other Mohammedan styles.

Gothic chair.—1100 to 1550. 

It had nothing to do with the Goths, but was a local European outgrowth of the Romanesque. It spread all over Europe, and reached its climax of development about 1550. It was on the Gothic construction that the Northern European and English Renaissance styles were grafted to form such styles as the Elizabethan, etc.


Chairs 1

Moorish chair.—700 to 1600. 

The various Mohammedan styles can all be traced to the ancient Persian through the Byzantine. The Moorish or Moresque was the form taken by the Mohammedans in Spain.

Indian chair.—2000 B.C. to 1906 A.D. 

The East Indian style is almost composite, as expected of one with a growth of nearly 4,000 years. It has been influenced repeatedly by outside forces and various religious invasions, and has, in turn, influenced other far Eastern styles.

Chinese chair.—3500 B.C. to 1906 A.D. 

Another of the ancient styles. It had a continuous growth up to 230 B.C., since when it has not changed much. It has influenced Western styles, as in the Chippendale, Queen Anne, etc.

Japanese chair.—1200 B.C. to 1906 A.D. 

A style probably springing originally from China, but now absolutely distinct. It has influenced recent art in Europe and America, especially the "New Art" styles.

Italian Gothic chair.—1100 to 1500. 

The Italian Gothic differs from the European and English Gothic in clinging more closely to the Romanesque-Byzantine originals.

Tudor chair.—1485 to 1558. 

The earliest entry of the Renaissance into England. An application of Renaissance to the Gothic foundations. Its growth was into the Elizabethan.

Italian Renaissance chair, Fifteenth Century.—1400 to 1500. 

The birth century of the Renaissance. A seeking for revival of the old Roman and Greek decorative and constructive forms.

Italian Renaissance chair, Sixteenth Century.—1500 to 1600. 

A period of greater elaboration of detail and more freedom from actual Greek and Roman models.

Italian Renaissance chair, Seventeenth Century.—1600 to 1700. 

The period of great elaboration and beginning of reckless ornamentation.

Spanish Renaissance chair.—1500 to 1700. 

A variation of the Renaissance spirit caused by the combination of three distinct styles—the Renaissance as known in Italy, the Gothic and the Moorish. In furniture the Spanish Renaissance is almost identical with the Flemish, which it influenced.

Dutch Renaissance chair.—1500 to 1700. 

A style influenced alternately by the French and the Spanish. This style and the Flemish had a strong influence on the English William and Mary and Queen Anne styles, and especially on the Jacobean.

German Renaissance chair.—1550 to 1700. 

A style introduced by Germans who had gone to Italy to study. It was a heavy treatment of the Renaissance spirit, and merged into the German Baroque about 1700.

Francis I chair.—1515 to 1549. 

The introductory period when the Italian Renaissance found foothold in France. It is almost purely Italian, and was the forerunner of the Henri II.

Henri II chair.—1549 to 1610. 

In this the French Renaissance became differentiated from the Italian, assuming traits that were specifically French and that were emphasized in the next period.

Louis XIII chair.—1616 to 1643. 

A typically French style, in which but few traces of its derivation from the Italian remained. It was followed by the Louis XIV.

Elizabethan chair.—1558 to 1603. 

A compound style containing traces of the Gothic, much of the Tudor, some Dutch, Flemish and a little Italian. Especially noted for its fine wood carving.

Jacobean chair.—1603 to 1689. 

The English period immediately following the Elizabethan, and in most respects quite similar. The Dutch influence was, however, more prominent. The Cromwellian, which is included in this period, was identical with it.

William and Mary chair.—1689 to 1702. 

More Dutch influences. All furniture lighter and better suited to domestic purposes.



Chairs 2

Queen Anne chair.—1702 to 1714. 

Increasing Dutch influences. Jacobean influence finally discarded. Chinese influence largely present.

Louis XIV chair.—1643 to 1715. 

The greatest French style. An entirely French creation, marked by elegance and dignity. Toward the end of the period it softened into the early Rococo.

Georgian chair.—1714 to 1820. 

A direct outgrowth of the Queen Anne, tempered by the prevailing French styles. It includes Chippendale, Hepplewhite and Sheraton, but these three great cabinetmakers were sufficiently distinct from the average Georgian to be worthy separate classification.

Chippendale chair.—1754 to 1800. 

The greatest English cabinet style. Based on the Queen Anne, but drawing largely from the Rococo, Chinese and Gothic, he produced three distinct types, viz.: French Chippendale, Chinese Chippendale and Gothic Chippendale. The last is a negligible quantity.

Louis XV chair.—1715 to 1774. 

The Rococo period. The result of the efforts of French designers to enliven the Louis XIV, and to evolve a new style out of one that had reached its logical climax.

Hepplewhite chair.—1775 to 1800. 

Succeeded Chippendale as the popular English cabinetmaker. By many he is considered his superior. His work is notable for a charming delicacy of line and design.

Louis XVI chair.—1774 to 1793. 

The French style based on a revival of Greek forms, and influenced by the discovery of the ruins of Pompeii.

Sheraton chair.—1775 to 1800. 

A fellow cabinetmaker, working at same time as Hepplewhite. One of the Colonial styles (Georgian).

R. & J. Adam chair.—1762 to 1800.

Fathers of an English classic revival. Much like the French Louis XVI and Empire styles in many respects.

Empire chair.—1804 to 1814. 

The style created during the Empire of Napoleon I. Derived from classic Roman suggestions, with some Greek and Egyptian influences.

New Arts chair.—1900 to date. 

These are various worthy attempts by the designers of various nations to create a new style. Some of the results are good, and they are apt to be like the "little girl who had a little curl that hung in the middle of her forehead," in that "when they are good they are very, very good, but when they are bad they are horrid."